新民黨 譴責美國眾議長佩洛西竄訪台灣
日期︰2022 年 8 月 3 日
就美國眾議院議長佩洛西(Nancy Pelosi)昨晚(2日)降落台北松山機場,竄訪中國台灣地區,並於今天(3日)與蔡英文會面,嚴重違反一個中國原則和中美三個聯合公報規定,嚴重衝擊中美關係政治基礎,侵犯中國主權和領土完整,影響台海局勢穩定,新民黨對此堅決反對並強烈譴責。
佩洛西與美國國會代表團此等行為,為「台獨」分子撐腰打氣,其行為支持台灣當局偏離「九二共識」,企圖「以台制華」,玩火者必自焚。
《中華人民共和國憲法》(《憲法》)是香港特別行政區憲制秩序的最重要組成部分,《憲法》序言列明:「台灣是中華人民共和國的神聖領土的一部分。完成統一祖國的大業是包括台灣同胞在內的全中國人民的神聖職責。」
台灣乃我國不可分割的部分,美方政客一意孤行竄訪中國台灣,是試圖挑戰國家主權、統一和領土完整,此等行為註定失敗。
新民黨強烈譴責佩洛西此等公然挑釁行為,及美方推卸責任,嚴重傷害中美關係。新民黨全力支持和配合中央與特區政府採取的一切必要措施。
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學術與政治有機結合的美國漢學 / The Integration of Academia and Politics in American Sinology
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當南北戰爭在1865年結束後,美國走上了快速發展的道路,並且不斷對外擴張。為適應國內資本市場對外擴張的需要,美國在那時期開始仿效其他老牌西方強國,透過成立海外基督教會,積極傳教及擴張。
來華的傳教士除了本職傳教工作外,亦有份參與美國在華的外交事務,協助美方官員與中方進行交涉。美國不少早期的對華政策都是受這些傳教士影響而制訂的,稱為「傳教士思維的外交政策」(missionary's mind)。
部分傳教士回美後繼續推動漢學研究。比方說,作為美國早期漢學家之一的傳教士裨治文(Elijah Coleman Bridgman)及對華外交官顧盛(Caleb Cushing)就有份牽頭成立美國第一個東方學研究組織「美國東方學會」(American Oriental Society)。受到創會成員影響,學會成立之初已肩負起為美國國家利益服務的政治任務。學會成立的第二年,華府委任顧盛作專使,與清朝談判,迫使其與美國簽訂中美史上第一個不平等條約《望廈條約》。
由上述例子可看出,自草創時期開始,美國漢學研究的主基調就是協助華府制訂對華政策,以便美國進一步向東擴張。與歐洲漢學的純學術研究相比,美國漢學研究有着強烈的政治色彩,研究多聚焦於中國的政經軍事和教育民生等社會領域。
同時,由於美國漢學界崇尚跨學科研究,加上學術氛圍較自由,美國漢學家往往較能提出嶄新的觀點及理論,使其傳播力及影響力亦更為廣泛。得益於此,美國曾一度雲集大批中國專家,成為中國研究的海外重鎮。
The Integration of Academia and Politics in American Sinology
After the end of the American Civil War in 1865, the United States embarked on a path of rapid development and continuous expansion outward. To meet the needs of the domestic capital market's expansion abroad at that time, the US began to establish overseas Christian churches like other established Western powers, actively promoting missionary work and expansion.
In addition to their missionary work in China, the missionaries also participated in the US diplomatic affairs in China, assisting American officials in negotiations with the Chinese side. Many of the US's early China policies were influenced by these missionaries, known as the "missionary's mind" in diplomacy.
Some missionaries continued to promote Chinese studies after returning to the US. For example, Elijah Coleman Bridgman, one of the early American sinologists, and Caleb Cushing, a US diplomat to China, co-led the establishment of the first Oriental studies organization in the US - the American Oriental Society. Influenced by the founding members, the society shouldered the political mission of serving US national interests from the outset. The second year after its establishment, Washington appointed Caleb Cushing as special envoy to negotiate with the Qing Dynasty, forcing it to sign the first unequal treaty between China and the US - the Treaty of Wangxia.
From the above examples, it can be seen that since its inception, the main tone of American Chinese studies has been to assist Washington in formulating policies towards China in order to further expand the US influence eastward. Compared to the pure academic research nature of European Sinology, American Sinology had a strong political color and research tended to focus on China's politics, economy, military and social fields such as education and livelihood.
At the same time, due to the interdisciplinary research favored in the American Chinese studies circle and the relatively free academic atmosphere, American Sinologists were often able to propose new viewpoints and theories, making their influence and dissemination even more extensive. Thanks to this, the US once gathered a large number of Chinese experts and became an overseas stronghold of Chinese studies.
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HKSAR govt must think strategically about what GBA integration really means
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Integration with the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area has been a top priority of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region government ever since the signing of the framework agreement for deepening cooperation between Guangdong, Macao and Hong Kong in July 2017. The prolonged riots from 2019 to early 2020, followed by three years of COVID-19 pandemic-induced closures, forcibly disrupted the process. But soon after Hong Kong reopened to the mainland in early 2023, the cross-boundary movement of people increased by leaps and bounds. The enthusiastic way Hong Kong residents embraced the joys of visiting Shenzhen and other GBA cities upended the local economy.
During the period from March 28 to April 2, a record 3.6 million Hong Kong residents went north via land control points, compared with 860,000 mainland residents who traveled south. On May 1, at the start of the Golden Week, 167,894 Hong Kong residents traveled north compared with 160,559 mainland residents who visited our city, way below pre-pandemic levels. The “hollowing out” effect of mainland attractions has reached crisis proportions for Hong Kong’s retail and low-end catering industries.
The government is pulling out all the stops to increase Hong Kong’s attractiveness. Yet, apart from coping with daily pressures, the government ought to sit back and think strategically about what GBA integration means to Hong Kong.
The government needs to think hard about three questions: How will GBA integration transform Hong Kong? What are the challenges and opportunities posed by GBA integration? How will the government maximize the benefits of GBA integration?
Such pivoting to the GBA would require a radical rethink on the part of the HKSAR government of its population policy, urban and social welfare planning. The private sector would also need to adjust its development plans to adapt to new trends of living and spending
GBA integration will have a long-term transformation effect on Hong Kong. Under the government’s Northern Metropolis development plan, three more railways will be constructed to connect Hong Kong’s northern districts to the mainland. When the construction of these railways is completed, many among the estimated 2.5 million residents in the Northern Metropolis will find it more convenient to travel to the mainland than to Hong Kong Island. As the mainland GBA cities become more sophisticated, more Hong Kong residents might wish to move to the mainland, or live there and commute to Hong Kong on a daily basis.
While some people might worry about the “hollowing out” of Hong Kong, the migration of Hong Kong’s population to the mainland is no bad thing. For a long time, Hong Kong residents have been stuck in congested and expensive housing conditions because they are boxed in by Hong Kong’s artificial boundary, and unable to take advantage of better housing conditions in nearby suburbs. The improvement of transport links, coupled with better medical and schooling facilities in nearby GBA cities, would enable more Hong Kong residents to live comfortably north of the boundary.
Such pivoting to the GBA would require a radical rethink on the part of the HKSAR government of its population policy, urban and social welfare planning. The private sector would also need to adjust its development plans to adapt to new trends of living and spending.
With a total population of 86 million and a combined GDP of $2 trillion, there have been high hopes that the GBA will become the world’s most dynamic region. Given the barriers to the free movement of goods, services, people, capital and data because of Hong Kong’s status as a separate customs and immigration area under the “one country, two systems” principle, Hong Kong needs to work out how to overcome these constraints to take advantage of the abundant resources of GBA cities. The process has not been easy, but the HKSAR government appears to have found ways to work around these constraints to achieve win-win solutions.
To enable more elderly living on social security payments to retire in Guangdong and Fujian provinces, the government relaxed the Hong Kong residential period required under the Guangdong and Fujian retirement programs
The key to unlocking the potential of the region lies in working out ways to complement Hong Kong and the mainland GBA cities in their developmental strategies. For example, Hong Kong lacks land to build residential care homes for the elderly. Both Hong Kong and mainland GBA cities stand to benefit by enabling more elderly people from Hong Kong to retire on the mainland.
To enable more elderly living on social security payments to retire in Guangdong and Fujian provinces, the government relaxed the Hong Kong residential period required under the Guangdong and Fujian retirement programs. The government has taken a further step forward by adding residential care homes jointly operated by Hong Kong and mainland service providers in Guangdong to serve as “recognized service providers” under the “Residential Care Services Scheme in Guangdong”. As of May 6, two more such homes in Foshan and Shenzhen were added, bringing the total of such homes to four. The government is planning to bring residential care homes operated solely by mainland service providers under this program.
The HKSAR government also lacks land to provide quarters for retired junior members of the Disciplined Services and other civil servants. As more junior civil servants are prepared to retire in nearby GBA cities, the government should explore the possibility of buying land or readily available housing units in mainland GBA cities to provide homes for those willing to retire on the mainland.
To relieve our acute labor shortage in many occupations, the government has relaxed labor import programs to enable the Airport Authority, transport operators and the construction industry to import labor from the mainland. Mainland GBA cities can help Hong Kong build the innovation and technology hubs in the Northern Metropolis by sending us their tech talents, engineers, and tech enterprises that want to use Hong Kong as a launchpad for their international operations. These tech entrepreneurs can draw on the deep pool of research in medical and life sciences and other disciplines in Hong Kong’s top universities to enhance their competitiveness.
In return, Hong Kong can help mainland GBA cities further develop their service economies, especially in the financial, business and other professional sectors.
The Shenzhen government reported in January that the city’s “social and consumption expenditure” grew by 7.8 percent and topped 1 trillion yuan ($138 billion) in 2023. Fang Zhou, a noted scholar, estimated that Hong Kong consumers contributed to the growth. Let Hong Kong, Shenzhen and other GBA cities grow together, complementing each other, helping each other remedy their respective shortfalls and weaknesses. By combining their strengths, the GBA stands a good chance of becoming the nation’s dynamo for growth.
自2017年7月廣東、澳門和香港三地簽訂深化合作框架協議以來,香港特區政府一直把融入大灣區作為首要任務。香港2019年至2020年初持續不斷的動亂,以及隨後三年因新冠疫情而實施的隔離措施,曾經暫時擾亂了這個過程。但在2023年初香港與內地通關後,兩地人員往來迅速增加。香港居民以熱情的態度遊覽深圳及其他大灣區城市的景點,顛覆了本地經濟。
從3月28日至4月2日,港人過關北上創下歷史新高,達360萬人次,而內地人南下僅86萬人次。從5月1日勞動節起,港人北上16萬7894人,內地人到港16萬0559人,遠低於疫情前水準。內地景點的“引力”效應,已經使香港零售業和低端餐飲業陷入危機。
政府正全力以赴提升香港的吸引力。然而,除了應對日常壓力外,政府還應更深入地、戰略性地思考融入大灣區對香港的意義。
政府需要認真思考三個問題:融入大灣區將如何改變香港?會為香港帶來什麼挑戰和機遇?政府將如何最大限度發揮融入大灣區的好處?
融入大灣區將長期影響香港轉型。按照政府“北部都會區”發展計畫,將修建三條新的鐵路,將香港北區與內地連接起來。這些鐵路建成後,北部都會區預計250萬居民中,北上內地甚至比去香港島更便利。隨著內地大灣區城市日益先進,將會有更多香港居民選擇搬到內地生活,或在內地定居但每天到香港工作。
儘管有人可能擔心香港會“空城化”,但香港人口向內地遷移並非壞事。長期以來,香港居民因受香港人工邊界限制,被困在擁擠和貴價的居住環境,無法享受相鄰郊區更好的居住條件。隨著交通設施改進,加上鄰近大灣區城市醫療和教育設施的進步,將讓更多香港居民可以在邊境以北更舒適地生活。
要轉向面向大灣區,香港特區政府需要在人口政策、城市規劃和社會福利體系等方面進行根本性思考調整。私人企業也需要調整發展規劃,適應居民生活和消費模式新趨勢。
大灣區總人口8,600萬,經濟總量2萬億美元,期望可以成為全球最具動力的區域。但根據「一國兩制」原則,香港在關稅和出入境管理方面仍是獨立區域,這給貨物、服務、人員、資金和數據在大灣區內流動帶來一定障礙。香港需要破解這些限制,充分利用大灣區城市豐富資源的機會。此路並不平坦,但特區政府似乎找到了在現有框架下化解限制、實現雙贏的方法。
開發大灣區潛力的關鍵,在於研究香港和內地城市如何在發展策略上進行互補。例如香港缺少土地建設老人院,那就讓更多香港長者到內地城市退休,對雙方都有利。
為讓更多領取養老金,長者到廣東和福建退休,政府優化了廣東和福建退休計畫下的香港居住年期要求。政府又進一步增加,將香港和內地機構合作營運的廣東養老院納入“廣東院舍照顧服務計劃”下的“認可服務提供機構”。到直至5月6日,已增加兩家分別位於佛山和深圳的養老院,總數達四家。政府還計畫將內地機構單獨營運的養老院也納入此計畫。
香港特區政府同樣缺乏土地,為紀律部隊的基層退役人員以及其他公務員提供住房。隨著越來越多基層公務員願意到鄰近大灣區城市退休,政府應研究在內地大灣區城市購置土地或現成住房單位的可能性,為選擇到內地城市退休的人提供住所。
為緩解香港在多個行業的人手嚴重短缺,政府放寬了引入內地勞工的政策,使機場管理局、交通運營商和建築行業得以引進內地勞工。大灣區城市可通過輸送科技人才、工程師以及希望以香港為國際業務跳板的科技企業,協助香港在北部都會區建設創新科技中心。這些科技企業家,可以利用香港一流大學在醫療生命科學及其他學科領域深厚的研發底子,提升自身競爭力。
相對地,香港也可以通過在金融、商務及其他專業服務領域提供幫助,推動內地大灣區城市服務業的深入發展。
深圳政府一月份報告,該市2023年社會消費總開支增長7.8%,超過1萬億元人民幣(1380億美元)。知名學者方舟估計,香港消費者對此有很大貢獻。因此應讓香港、深圳及其他大灣區城市共同成長,互補優勢,互相彌補不足,發揮各自長處。憑藉整體區域優勢的結合,大灣區有望成為國家經濟增長的動力核心。
香港特區政府必須以戰略思維 思考融入大灣區的真正含義(英文撰文:葉劉淑儀,原文刊於 China Daily,此為中譯本)
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中英互譯,困難重重 / Difficulties in Chinese-English Translation
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19 世紀,得益於傳教士及外交家衛三畏(Samuel Wells Williams)的積極推動,漢學課程得以在美國的大學扎根並培育出多位傑出漢學家,為日後中美兩國關係的發展作出重大貢獻。
美國的漢學研究起步雖較歐洲晚,卻集了歐洲漢學家研究的大成,成為海外漢學研究的重鎮。其中,美國漢學界採納了「威妥瑪拼音」這個歐洲漢學研究的一大重要成果,對後來的美國漢學發展影響深遠。
雖然中國與西方國家早有接觸,但早期的中國人並無意願教授外國人學習中國的語言及文化。即使清朝後來被迫打開國門與西方列強進行貿易,當時官方政策仍然要求所有外國人須由洋行的行商管控,不得進入城內。如外商要進行貿易,需透過地方官吏以「洋涇浜」式英語(pidgin English)代為溝通。但由於雙方都不通曉對方的語言,溝通過程造成不少誤解,往往出現兩方各說各話、爭吵、拘留或各種惡形惡狀的情况。
然而,來華的外商及傳教士很快發現雖然東亞各國的口語並不能互相溝通,但卻可以用漢字互相交流,學習中文對於和東亞人民交流有莫大幫助。這一發現誘使在華外國人開始制訂漢字拼音系統。然而,有關工作困難重重。由於「同音異字」的現象在中文中相當常見,導致漢字和字母間資訊轉換相當困難。
漢學家們一直試圖就有關問題提出自己的解決方案。當中認受性最高的拼音當屬由英國著名漢學家威妥瑪(Thomas Francis Wade)於1859 年推出的威妥瑪拼音。
拼音根據北京話讀音而制訂,主要便於英語人士發音。威妥瑪拼音後由另一名漢學家翟理斯(Herbert Allen Giles)不斷加以修訂完善,最終成為自19 世紀末開始流傳最廣的漢語拼音系統之一。19 世紀末和20 世紀,關於中國的人名、地名及郵政系統等的英文資料,大多都是採用威妥瑪拼音,直至1979 年後才被現時的漢語拼音逐步取代。
Difficulties in Chinese-English Translation
In the 19th century, thanks to the active promotion of missionary and diplomat Samuel Wells Williams, Sinology courses took root in universities in the United States and cultivated many prominent Sinologists, making major contributions to the development of later Sino-American relations.
Although the start of American Sinology research lagged behind Europe, it incorporated the major achievements of European Sinology research and became an important center of overseas Sinology research. Among them, the American Sinology academic circle adopted the "Wade-Giles Romanization" system, an important achievement of European Sinology research, which had a profound impact on the subsequent development of American Sinology.
Although China had early contacts with Western countries, Chinese people at that time had no desire to teach foreigners their language and culture. Even after the Qing Dynasty was later forced to open its doors and conduct trade with Western powers, official policy still required all foreigners to be controlled by trading houses and barred from entering cities. If foreign merchants wanted to trade, they had to communicate through local officials using "Pidgin English." However, due to the lack of a common language, communication between the two sides often resulted in misunderstandings and arguments, detentions, or other unfortunate incidents.
However, foreigners and missionaries in China soon realized that while the spoken languages of East Asian countries could not mutually communicate, writing in Chinese characters allowed for exchange, and learning Chinese was tremendously helpful for communicating with the peoples of East Asia. This discovery prompted foreigners in China to begin devising Chinese character romanization systems. However, the work faced great difficulties. Due to the very common phenomenon of "homophones" in Chinese, converting between Chinese characters and letters proved quite challenging.
Sinologists continued trying to propose their own solutions to these problems. The romanization system that received the highest acceptance was the Wade-Giles Romanization system introduced in 1859 by the famous British Sinologist Thomas Francis Wade.
Based on Beijing dialect pronunciation and primarily for the convenience of English speakers, Wade-Giles was further revised and refined by another Sinologist, Herbert Allen Giles, eventually becoming one of the most widely circulating Chinese romanization systems since the late 19th century. Up until being gradually replaced by today's Hanyu Pinyin system after 1979, English materials about Chinese names, places and postal systems from the late 19th and early 20th centuries mostly used Wade-Giles romanization.
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